Semicolons

Overview

A semicolon (;) is a punctuation mark that connects two ideas more closely than a period but with more strength than a comma. It helps link related sentences, organize lists, and make writing clearer.

Linking independent clauses

Use a semicolon to join two complete sentences that are closely related. Both parts must be able to stand alone.

• Example: She loves playing basketball; her brother prefers soccer.

With conjunctive adverbs

When using transition words like however, therefore, moreover, or for example, place a semicolon before the word and a comma after it.

• Example: I wanted to join the drama club; however, I had no free time.

Avoiding run-on sentences

A semicolon can replace a comma splice (when two full sentences are joined incorrectly with just a comma).

• Example: 

                   Incorrect: I love pizza, it’s my favorite food.

                   Correct: I love pizza; it’s my favorite food.

Separating complex lists

When items in a list already contain commas, use semicolons to keep the list clear.

• Example: On our trip we visited Dallas, Texas; Denver, Colorado; and Phoenix, Arizona.

Semicolons vs. commas

A comma shows a light pause, while a semicolon shows a stronger separation between related ideas.

• Example: Comma: I like tea, and I like coffee.

• Example: Semicolon: I like tea; I like coffee.

Semicolons vs. colons

A colon introduces or explains something, while a semicolon connects two sentences or separates complex list items.

• Example: Colon: He has three hobbies: painting, swimming, and biking.

• Example: Semicolon: He enjoys painting; his sister enjoys biking.

Showing balance between ideas

Semicolons can show a close relationship or balance between two equal thoughts.

• Example: Success requires hard work; failure comes from giving up too soon.

In long sentences with multiple clauses

When a sentence has several clauses and lots of commas, semicolons can separate the bigger parts to avoid confusion.

• Example: I went to the store, which was very crowded; bought fruit, vegetables, and bread; and then hurried home.

Summary

Semicolons are used to connect related sentences, separate items in complicated lists, and prevent run-on sentences. They are stronger than commas but not as final as periods. If both sides of a sentence can stand alone, a semicolon is often the right choice.