En Dashes and Em Dashes

Overview

An en dash (–) is slightly longer than a hyphen and is mainly used for ranges (like numbers, dates, or time) and connections (like cities or teams). An em dash (—) is longer and is used for strong breaks in sentences, adding emphasis, interruptions, or extra information. Knowing how to use both helps make writing clearer and more polished.

Using the en dash for ranges

An en dash shows “through” or “to” in ranges of numbers, dates, or time.

• Example: We will read pages 25–50 for homework.

Using the en dash for connections

It also shows relationships or contrasts between two things, such as cities, teams, or directions.

• Example: The New York–Boston train leaves every morning.

Using the em dash for emphasis

An em dash can add drama or emphasis by creating a strong pause before the final part of a sentence.

• Example: She knew what she wanted—victory.

Using the em dash instead of parentheses

Em dashes can set off extra information, similar to parentheses, but with more strength and focus.

• Example: My brother—who just turned sixteen—just got his driver’s license.

Using the em dash instead of commas

Sometimes em dashes replace commas for a sharper or more dramatic pause.

• Example: The plan—though risky—worked perfectly.

Using the em dash in dialogue

In stories, an em dash shows when a character’s speech is cut off or interrupted.

• Example: “I was going to tell you—” 

                             “Don’t bother,” she interrupted.

Avoiding confusion with hyphens

Remember that hyphens (-), en dashes (–), and em dashes (—) are all different. Hyphens join words, en dashes show ranges or connections, and em dashes create breaks or emphasis.

• Example: Hyphen: My mother-in-law is funny.

• Example: En dash: The meeting is scheduled for May–June.

• Example: Em dash: I was ready to speak—until he interrupted me.

Avoiding overuse

Dashes are powerful tools, but too many can make writing look messy or overly dramatic. Use them only when they add clarity or emphasis.

• Example: 

        Incorrect:  I—just—can’t—believe—this—is—happening.

        Correct: I just can’t believe this is happening.

Summary

The en dash (–) is used for ranges and connections, while the em dash (—) is used for strong breaks, emphasis, and interruptions. Hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes look similar but have different jobs. Use them carefully, and your writing will be clearer, more expressive, and more professional.